Expression of sex-specific molecular markers by Babesia bovis gametes

BACKGROUND: Bovine babesiosis caused by Babesia bovis is one of the most important tick-borne diseases of cattle in tropical and subtropical regions. Babesia bovis parasites have a complex lifecycle, including development within the mammalian host and tick vector. In the tick midgut, extracellular Babesia parasites transform into gametes that fuse to form zygotes. To date, little is known about genes and proteins expressed by male gametes.

METHODS AND RESULTS: We developed a method to separate male gametes from in vitro induced B. bovis culture. Separation enabled the validation of sex-specific markers. Collected male gametocytes were observed by Giemsa-stained smear and live-cell fluorescence microscopy. Babesia male gametes were used to confirm sex-specific markers by quantitative real-time PCR. Some genes were found to be male gamete specific genes including pka, hap2, α-tubulin II and znfp2. However, α-tubulin I and ABC transporter, trap2-4 and ccp1-3 genes were found to be upregulated in culture depleted of male gametes (female-enriched). Live immunofluorescence analysis using polyclonal antibodies confirmed surface expression of HAP2 by male and TRAP2-4 by female gametes. These results revealed strong markers to distinguish between B. bovis male and female gametes.

CONCLUSIONS: Herein, we describe the identification of sex-specific molecular markers essential for B. bovis sexual reproduction. These tools will enhance our understanding of the biology of sexual stages and, consequently, the development of additional strategies to control bovine babesiosis.